What is Adlerian Theory and What Does it Look Like in a Therapy Session?

When it comes to therapy, many people do not realize just how many different approaches exist that guide clinicians in how they support clients. Therapy is not one-size-fits-all, and the framework a therapist uses can shape everything from the questions they ask to how change is approached. One influential and often overlooked approach is Adlerian Therapy, also known as Individual Psychology, developed by Alfred Adler in the early 20th century.

Unlike some theories that focus heavily on unconscious drives or spend most of their time analyzing past trauma, Adlerian Therapy takes a more forward-looking and holistic approach. It focuses on the whole person (their relationships, goals, values, and sense of belonging), and how these pieces interact in everyday life. [1]. At its core, Adlerian Therapy is deeply humanistic and rooted in the belief that people are capable of growth, change, and meaningful contribution.

The Core Ideas of Adlerian Theory

Adler believed that humans are fundamentally social beings. We are wired for connection, purpose, and belonging, and much of our behavior makes sense when viewed through this lens. One of Adler’s most important ideas is social interest; the innate drive to connect with others and feel like we matter within our communities.

Some of the core principles of Adlerian Theory include:

Everyone has a unique “style of life.”: This refers to the patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving we develop early in life. Our family dynamics, birth order, early experiences, and how we interpreted those experiences all contribute to this style. Two people can grow up in the same household and walk away with very different worldviews.

People are motivated by purpose and meaning: Adler believed that behavior is goal-directed, even when it seems unhelpful or self-defeating. People often act in ways that make sense based on what they believe will help them feel safe, valued, or successful.

Striving for mastery is normal: Everyone experiences feelings of inferiority at times. These feelings are not viewed as pathological in Adlerian Theory; they are part of being human. Problems tend to arise when people become stuck in these feelings or try to compensate for them in unhealthy ways.

Encouragement is central to change: Rather than focusing on what is “wrong,” Adlerian Therapy emphasizes strengths, effort, and the ability to choose differently. Encouragement helps clients build confidence and take responsibility for growth.

Disconnection often fuels distress: Anxiety, depression, and other struggles frequently emerge when people feel isolated, discouraged, or disconnected from others. Therapy aims to restore a sense of belonging and contribution. [2].

What Adlerian Therapy Looks Like in a Session

Adlerian Therapy is highly collaborative and relational. Clients are viewed as active participants in their own growth rather than passive recipients of treatment.

Some common elements include:

1. Building a Strong Therapeutic Relationship

The therapist prioritizes warmth, respect, and collaboration. The goal is to understand the client as a whole person, not just a diagnosis or symptom list. Feeling understood and encouraged is essential to the work.

2. Exploring Lifestyle and Early Influences

Clients may reflect on early memories, family roles, and childhood experiences. The purpose is not so much to dwell on the past, but to identify patterns and themes that still influence present-day beliefs and behaviors. These early interpretations often shape how people view themselves, others, and the world.

3. Identifying Goals, Values, and Beliefs

Adlerian therapists help clients uncover the private beliefs and goals that drive their behavior. For example, perfectionism might be tied to a belief like “I have to be flawless to be worthy,” or people-pleasing may stem from a fear of rejection.

4. Encouragement and Reorientation

Once unhelpful beliefs are identified, clients are supported in challenging them and experimenting with new ways of thinking and behaving. This process, called reorientation, helps clients move toward healthier, more flexible patterns.

5. Action-Oriented Practice

Adler strongly believed that insight alone is not enough: action matters. Clients may be encouraged to try small behavioral changes, such as initiating conversations, setting boundaries, or taking healthy risks. These experiences help reinforce confidence and create real-world change.

What Is Adlerian Therapy Most Helpful For?

Adlerian Therapy is especially helpful for individuals who want a strengths-based, goal-oriented, and relational approach. It can be effective for:

• Anxiety and depression

• Relationship and family concerns

• Low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy

• Life transitions, identity exploration, or career stress

• Individuals seeking greater purpose or direction

Rather than focusing solely on symptom reduction, Adlerian Therapy helps people understand why they do what they do, and how they can move forward in ways that align with their values and goals (Sweeney, 2012) [3].

Adlerian Therapy reminds us that people are not broken; they are doing their best with the tools and beliefs they have developed over time. With encouragement, insight, and action, meaningful change is possible.

As always, thank you for being here.

~ Courtney, NBFSCG Social Work Intern

References

[1] Adler, A. (2011). Understanding human nature (Reprint of 1937 edition). Oneworld Publications.

[2] Ansbacher, H. L., & Ansbacher, R. R. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings. Basic Books.

[3] Sweeney, T. J. (2012). Adlerian therapy: Theory and practice. In G. P. Koocher, J. C. Norcross, & S. S. Hill (Eds.), Psychologists’ desk reference (3rd ed., pp. 12–19). Oxford University Press.